The task we are asked to analyze a concrete historical fact, but it would be interesting to prior discussion of history itself. We might ask, Does a historical fact or comes to be? Is it all done historical past? If we respond to questions from the position of Jose Mora Ferrater [1] events become historical " as evidenced by that certain facts at the time t seemed to have - and indeed he had" no meaning or historical significance, at the time t1 or t2 claimed to be historical ". After the facts are not historical or because of their greater or lesser impact on the future, keeping in constant possibility of becoming one.
Another possible question would be, what type of language used by historians? According Ferrater are of three types: the first is the descriptive language of some particular entity or event, verifiable documents, for example, "Cortes met Alfonso V in Teruel in 1427. " The second set of language history are explanatory, utilize a causal historical explanation or intentional, which affects the historic complex which inserts the fact, for example , "Alfonso V Teruel Cortes called for increasing the internal control in Aragon. Finally, the three language historical facts are unverifiable due to their use of general concepts such as "decadence", "expansion", "Boom," "culture," "unity," "progress", etc. It is impossible to write the story of a human community without the use of terms above, that can not be verified by any document, at best, there are people who say that such and such a document verifying that there has been boom or expansion unit. One example of this third language would be: "Alfonso V measures to Teruel fall into a strengthening of the internal drive to meet the continuing need for territorial expansion and to build unity of the Kingdom of Aragon around a single administrative center , judicial and political. "
specialists which will deal with the death of Judge Villanueva from the first level, descriptive, and second, explanatory, basically. The current study used the interpretive level, with all that implies subjectivity.
Before addressing the specific event of the death of Judge, we will place it in a broader historical context, the fifteenth century, which is the prelude to the great European expansion around the world. After 1000 the surplus produced in the field increased significantly as a result of the intensification and extension of cultivation. Become important port cities in the Mediterranean, and rural land became trapped in the process of political and economic consolidation, which operated at two levels: local and regional levels. The movement toward political consolidation under a central kingdom, which is what has unfolded in Spain around the fifteenth century and ends with the union of Castile and Aragon in 1469, depends on the combined intentions of extracting taxes to pay for the war and to develop a military potential that enables the political purpose. There are three ways to do as Eric Wolf [2] : the first is to find remedies or acquired as booty, to be sold to merchants, another way is to increase the real domain, the territory of which the king could draw no direct support interference of intermediaries. The third mode, which uses Wolf says Leon-Castile and Aragon, is the outward expansion against enemy powers and to garner the surplus of external enemies. From their point sight of the conquest of the New World, is nothing more than an extension of the Reconquista in the Iberian peninsula itself.
The conquest of the New World is the encounter between Europe and the people without history, so called, first, because the unaware, and second, by the prejudice that these people were reflective of a primitive, inferior, and improved on our world, then had not evolved as we progressed.
work before us is to place the death of Judge Villanueva explained in context, and a little further, as a fact, symptoms such as an event "foreseeable" and usually within a historical-evolutionary process still broader. This entails the following questions: Do you have laws in history? and above Can you accept the death of Judge Villanueva in defense of the Jurisdictions as an act with a particular meaning in a set or process? the answer is yes, if we go to the work of Johnson and Earle The evolution of human societies [3] hand we Fried and Service an anthropological explanation of sociocultural and political change in communities, from large groups limited to models social organization. Before entering the evolutionary typology groups must ask what is it that leads groups to join growing communities? the answer is: growth population and technological development leading to an intensification of production that generates a series of problems such as pillage and war risk, the risk of production or inefficient use of resources. To avoid institutionalization occurs, resulting in economic and political integration among groups to reduce risks, build alliances and trade, there is also a social stratification, which controls an elite stores, regional and business connections, and capital investment.
late fifteenth century, 97% of the land of Spain was in the hands of 2% or 3% of the population. Social stratification in Teruel fifteenth century is evident among Christians can differentiate the privileged: nobles, clergy, doctors, lawyers, etc., and common shepherds, farmers, artisans, strangers, etc. The remaining layers are the Mudejar, blacksmiths, weavers and builders, and the Jews, mainly devoted to finance.
Following Fried and service, the family group is the initial level, including the family, village and family-camp. The next evolution or socio-political group is the local group, either headless or headed by a Great Man. At this level there is a subsistence economy and community relations are important because of endemic warfare. The last evolutionary group is the Regional Political Entity, including the chiefdom or group controlled by a hereditary elite, and the State, different from chiefdom to have a legal property system, army, bureaucracy and legal system of enforcement. At what levels could place the Teruel of the Charters of the fifteenth century? Obviously the state does not, as yet had been. You could say that was represented to Teruel administrative independence, political (Council) and economic, maintained against the Lord or Tenente put in charge of the town by the King. Teruel in 1427 is a local group inter-relationships, the death of Judge Villanueva in defense of the Jurisdictions is following his refusal - for the loss of local autonomy - the integration of Teruel in a regional political entity, the Kingdom of Aragon, as was done later in 1429, two years after his death.
As we have seen, the regional political entity, in this case the Kingdom of Aragon Teruel concerned about the monetary unit is the precursor to the formation of the state that it comes after the union of Castile and Aragon in 1469.
Once we have the concrete historical fact, the death of Judge Villanueva at the hands of Alfonso V, located within the continuum of history and a place in the evolutionary process, we can ask about the relevance of the fact in yes, and above all, for the role of the characters, especially Alfonso V, called the Magnanimous paradoxically. Using the language of the economist Frank, with the death of Judge Villanueva was imposed by force of a central and determining the periphery compared to the same. Charles Tilly [4] engine identifies as the emergence of the States in French, English, English and Prussian expansion of a power more or less autonomous from the center to the periphery. Alfonso V
Regarding what their actions represent? What are his motives? There are certain topics in the culture that should be removed, one of which is to describe the existence of a political system with several centers state power or negative, ineffective, calling Taifa Kingdom of [5] . If we were to describe the behavior of Alfonso V we would like Machiavellian, meaning thereby that it is amoral. Should ask, so what Machiavelli defends amorality? Yes and no. Machiavelli said that the ruling should have no moral, but that should change when it is necessary to maintain or extend the power, the main purpose of the policy to Machiavelli. Then the Florentine does not defend the lack of morality in politics, but his change or rejection if the situation (nécessité) required. One could argue that changing moral amoral or vice versa is itself amoral, but It is not part of life and the political game? Let us return to Alfonso V
is it a Machiavellian king? Do your political intentions and actions, as the death of Judge Teruel, with the intention of creating a state policy? The answer to the first question is, in my opinion, yes. Alfonso V has a double standard internal and external, facing the people. As Machiavelli recommends in his book "The Prince" [6] (completed in 1513 and dedicated to Lorenzo de Medici) to punish the politician should favor the powerful and the weak, troubleshoot problems quickly, using force on a non- free, if they commit crimes, make at one stroke so as not to be so heinous, no delegation of power to judges, seeking to be feared and not hated, which succeeded the death of Judge Villanueva as a warning to other potential enemies, to eliminate the social and power, and found the obedience in the usual, violence or taxation and the establishment of institutions.
All the above characteristics may be associated with the conduct of Alfonso V in the murder of Judge Villanueva and its subsequent decisions, then one could say that is a good prince if we apply the categories or mode of behavior that suggests the Florentine for the good ruler .
If we assume that the actions of Alfonso V is aimed at creating a state of it could be the antecedent of later called reason of state, with the difference that the reason of state is carried out by the state itself, and the act of Alfonso V is given in momentum towards the creation of a future state; germ, but even non-existent until the union with Castile in 1469.
Even at the time of Alfonso V provides examples of the need for a new form of political action. Philip of Leiden, a cleric in the service of Count of Holland, who wrote in the fourteenth century a book, "De sorte et princuipiantis republicae cure" [ 7] defended the idea that the Prince could annul the privilege granted a city or a person, if doing so harms the public interest. Does this remind you of something right? Will there be aware of the book Alfonso Felipe V Leiden? Will the death of Judge Villanueva result of the pragmatic use of the teachings of Leiden by King Alfonso V? Would knowledge of the ideas of John Gerson and John Petit? The first, in 1404, said that laws enacted for the peace could be reinterpreted or repealed in the event that contradicted the need regia. The second, John Petit, servant of the Duke of Burgundy, in a speech in Paris in 1408 defended his master's murder was ordered to be committed against Duke Louis of Orleans saying that the promises and alliances between men should not be maintained when doing so would cause damage to the Prince or the Republic.
As we can see there is a theoretical justification of the amoral behavior, her need for the development or existence of state or political group. In the present case, the amoral behavior of Alfonso V is based on the need to achieve their political ends, in this case submission and control of the Community of Teruel, in relation to their social, political and economic integration in the Kingdom of Aragon.
In conclusion I would like to remind that the objective of this article obviously is the language associated with the three, ie, interpretation, with the reservation that this is about what is said. Following Russell [8] , who argues that " of all studies by which men acquire citizenship in the intellectual community none is as indispensable as past " vindicate the role of history in understanding of our current situation and the critical need to move away from its prejudices and historical topics. Leaving aside the theoretical approaches, I hope that the article has served to assess at its true and proper perspective, the defense of freedom and autonomy of Teruel by Judge Francisco Villanueva, and behavior to appreciate and assess the present and the future. Jesus cured
Muñoz.
Another possible question would be, what type of language used by historians? According Ferrater are of three types: the first is the descriptive language of some particular entity or event, verifiable documents, for example, "Cortes met Alfonso V in Teruel in 1427. " The second set of language history are explanatory, utilize a causal historical explanation or intentional, which affects the historic complex which inserts the fact, for example , "Alfonso V Teruel Cortes called for increasing the internal control in Aragon. Finally, the three language historical facts are unverifiable due to their use of general concepts such as "decadence", "expansion", "Boom," "culture," "unity," "progress", etc. It is impossible to write the story of a human community without the use of terms above, that can not be verified by any document, at best, there are people who say that such and such a document verifying that there has been boom or expansion unit. One example of this third language would be: "Alfonso V measures to Teruel fall into a strengthening of the internal drive to meet the continuing need for territorial expansion and to build unity of the Kingdom of Aragon around a single administrative center , judicial and political. "
specialists which will deal with the death of Judge Villanueva from the first level, descriptive, and second, explanatory, basically. The current study used the interpretive level, with all that implies subjectivity.
Before addressing the specific event of the death of Judge, we will place it in a broader historical context, the fifteenth century, which is the prelude to the great European expansion around the world. After 1000 the surplus produced in the field increased significantly as a result of the intensification and extension of cultivation. Become important port cities in the Mediterranean, and rural land became trapped in the process of political and economic consolidation, which operated at two levels: local and regional levels. The movement toward political consolidation under a central kingdom, which is what has unfolded in Spain around the fifteenth century and ends with the union of Castile and Aragon in 1469, depends on the combined intentions of extracting taxes to pay for the war and to develop a military potential that enables the political purpose. There are three ways to do as Eric Wolf [2] : the first is to find remedies or acquired as booty, to be sold to merchants, another way is to increase the real domain, the territory of which the king could draw no direct support interference of intermediaries. The third mode, which uses Wolf says Leon-Castile and Aragon, is the outward expansion against enemy powers and to garner the surplus of external enemies. From their point sight of the conquest of the New World, is nothing more than an extension of the Reconquista in the Iberian peninsula itself.
The conquest of the New World is the encounter between Europe and the people without history, so called, first, because the unaware, and second, by the prejudice that these people were reflective of a primitive, inferior, and improved on our world, then had not evolved as we progressed.
work before us is to place the death of Judge Villanueva explained in context, and a little further, as a fact, symptoms such as an event "foreseeable" and usually within a historical-evolutionary process still broader. This entails the following questions: Do you have laws in history? and above Can you accept the death of Judge Villanueva in defense of the Jurisdictions as an act with a particular meaning in a set or process? the answer is yes, if we go to the work of Johnson and Earle The evolution of human societies [3] hand we Fried and Service an anthropological explanation of sociocultural and political change in communities, from large groups limited to models social organization. Before entering the evolutionary typology groups must ask what is it that leads groups to join growing communities? the answer is: growth population and technological development leading to an intensification of production that generates a series of problems such as pillage and war risk, the risk of production or inefficient use of resources. To avoid institutionalization occurs, resulting in economic and political integration among groups to reduce risks, build alliances and trade, there is also a social stratification, which controls an elite stores, regional and business connections, and capital investment.
late fifteenth century, 97% of the land of Spain was in the hands of 2% or 3% of the population. Social stratification in Teruel fifteenth century is evident among Christians can differentiate the privileged: nobles, clergy, doctors, lawyers, etc., and common shepherds, farmers, artisans, strangers, etc. The remaining layers are the Mudejar, blacksmiths, weavers and builders, and the Jews, mainly devoted to finance.
Following Fried and service, the family group is the initial level, including the family, village and family-camp. The next evolution or socio-political group is the local group, either headless or headed by a Great Man. At this level there is a subsistence economy and community relations are important because of endemic warfare. The last evolutionary group is the Regional Political Entity, including the chiefdom or group controlled by a hereditary elite, and the State, different from chiefdom to have a legal property system, army, bureaucracy and legal system of enforcement. At what levels could place the Teruel of the Charters of the fifteenth century? Obviously the state does not, as yet had been. You could say that was represented to Teruel administrative independence, political (Council) and economic, maintained against the Lord or Tenente put in charge of the town by the King. Teruel in 1427 is a local group inter-relationships, the death of Judge Villanueva in defense of the Jurisdictions is following his refusal - for the loss of local autonomy - the integration of Teruel in a regional political entity, the Kingdom of Aragon, as was done later in 1429, two years after his death.
As we have seen, the regional political entity, in this case the Kingdom of Aragon Teruel concerned about the monetary unit is the precursor to the formation of the state that it comes after the union of Castile and Aragon in 1469.
Once we have the concrete historical fact, the death of Judge Villanueva at the hands of Alfonso V, located within the continuum of history and a place in the evolutionary process, we can ask about the relevance of the fact in yes, and above all, for the role of the characters, especially Alfonso V, called the Magnanimous paradoxically. Using the language of the economist Frank, with the death of Judge Villanueva was imposed by force of a central and determining the periphery compared to the same. Charles Tilly [4] engine identifies as the emergence of the States in French, English, English and Prussian expansion of a power more or less autonomous from the center to the periphery. Alfonso V
Regarding what their actions represent? What are his motives? There are certain topics in the culture that should be removed, one of which is to describe the existence of a political system with several centers state power or negative, ineffective, calling Taifa Kingdom of [5] . If we were to describe the behavior of Alfonso V we would like Machiavellian, meaning thereby that it is amoral. Should ask, so what Machiavelli defends amorality? Yes and no. Machiavelli said that the ruling should have no moral, but that should change when it is necessary to maintain or extend the power, the main purpose of the policy to Machiavelli. Then the Florentine does not defend the lack of morality in politics, but his change or rejection if the situation (nécessité) required. One could argue that changing moral amoral or vice versa is itself amoral, but It is not part of life and the political game? Let us return to Alfonso V
is it a Machiavellian king? Do your political intentions and actions, as the death of Judge Teruel, with the intention of creating a state policy? The answer to the first question is, in my opinion, yes. Alfonso V has a double standard internal and external, facing the people. As Machiavelli recommends in his book "The Prince" [6] (completed in 1513 and dedicated to Lorenzo de Medici) to punish the politician should favor the powerful and the weak, troubleshoot problems quickly, using force on a non- free, if they commit crimes, make at one stroke so as not to be so heinous, no delegation of power to judges, seeking to be feared and not hated, which succeeded the death of Judge Villanueva as a warning to other potential enemies, to eliminate the social and power, and found the obedience in the usual, violence or taxation and the establishment of institutions.
All the above characteristics may be associated with the conduct of Alfonso V in the murder of Judge Villanueva and its subsequent decisions, then one could say that is a good prince if we apply the categories or mode of behavior that suggests the Florentine for the good ruler .
If we assume that the actions of Alfonso V is aimed at creating a state of it could be the antecedent of later called reason of state, with the difference that the reason of state is carried out by the state itself, and the act of Alfonso V is given in momentum towards the creation of a future state; germ, but even non-existent until the union with Castile in 1469.
Even at the time of Alfonso V provides examples of the need for a new form of political action. Philip of Leiden, a cleric in the service of Count of Holland, who wrote in the fourteenth century a book, "De sorte et princuipiantis republicae cure" [ 7] defended the idea that the Prince could annul the privilege granted a city or a person, if doing so harms the public interest. Does this remind you of something right? Will there be aware of the book Alfonso Felipe V Leiden? Will the death of Judge Villanueva result of the pragmatic use of the teachings of Leiden by King Alfonso V? Would knowledge of the ideas of John Gerson and John Petit? The first, in 1404, said that laws enacted for the peace could be reinterpreted or repealed in the event that contradicted the need regia. The second, John Petit, servant of the Duke of Burgundy, in a speech in Paris in 1408 defended his master's murder was ordered to be committed against Duke Louis of Orleans saying that the promises and alliances between men should not be maintained when doing so would cause damage to the Prince or the Republic.
As we can see there is a theoretical justification of the amoral behavior, her need for the development or existence of state or political group. In the present case, the amoral behavior of Alfonso V is based on the need to achieve their political ends, in this case submission and control of the Community of Teruel, in relation to their social, political and economic integration in the Kingdom of Aragon.
In conclusion I would like to remind that the objective of this article obviously is the language associated with the three, ie, interpretation, with the reservation that this is about what is said. Following Russell [8] , who argues that " of all studies by which men acquire citizenship in the intellectual community none is as indispensable as past " vindicate the role of history in understanding of our current situation and the critical need to move away from its prejudices and historical topics. Leaving aside the theoretical approaches, I hope that the article has served to assess at its true and proper perspective, the defense of freedom and autonomy of Teruel by Judge Francisco Villanueva, and behavior to appreciate and assess the present and the future. Jesus cured
Muñoz.
[1] Ferrater José Mora. The Languages \u200b\u200bof History
[2] Eric Wolf Europe and the people without history "FCE
[3] Johnson, Allen W. and Earle, Timothy (2003). The evolution of human societies. Ariel Prehistory.
[4] Andrés de Blas Guerrero "Genesis of the Modern State"
[5] recommend reading the book Ferrin Emilio González "General History of Al-Andalus" for a productive intellectual elimination of prejudice or topic.
[6] Niccolo Machiavelli. "The Prince" Editorial Tecnos.
[7] Friedrich Meinecke. "Reason of State" Cap. 1, 2 and 3.
[8] Bertrand Russell. Chapter II On the history in his Philosophical Essays
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